They're Watching You 

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The Fusion Center
Fusion centers stem from a call by the 9/11 Commission for more terrorist information-sharing between law enforcement. The George W. Bush administration helped with millions for surveillance research and a rollback of 30-year-old restrictions on government information gathering.

Federal anti-terrorism state grant programs morphed over the years to tackle all crime and later “all hazards.” Now, that money is finally beginning to roll into Salt Lake City. While some Utah legislators worried about the project becoming a costly unfunded mandate, for now, it seems state and city departments are happy to take the money.

The question no one is asking, Erickson says, is, “Why is there all of a sudden the need to spy on everybody around here? Where is the impending threat?”

The Utah Fusion Center was formally created in June 2007 when the Utah Department of Public Safety inked a memorandum-of-understanding with the FBI. But it wasn’t much to speak of—just a couple of state investigators sharing joint-terrorism task-force office space with the FBI in downtown Salt Lake City.

That’s changing with recent infusions of federal money. Today, the Utah Fusion Center consists of five intelligence analysts, a few administrators and parttime help from a federal Homeland Security employee. An FBI employee is expected to move in soon. Annual salary cost for state employees assigned to the fusion center is currently around $600,000. And Utah recently hired an intelligence officer from a center in Boston to run the operation.

Fusion-center staff currently share space with a police training facility at 9750 S. 300 West, at the Larry H. Miller Campus of Salt Lake Community College. But center directors say the state is talking to Salt Lake City about moving the operation into one of the buildings the city hopes to construct on or near Library Square with proceeds from a $125 million public-safety bond to be taken to city voters in November.

Salt Lake City Mayor Becker’s plans for a “civic campus” include a public-safety building for police and fire departments and a separate Emergency Operations Center built to Homeland Security standards to withstand an attack by weapons of mass destruction. The full project could only be realized with help from the state, which would bring in the fusion center from Sandy and the state’s existing emergency-operations center from a basement location at the state Capitol complex. The Salt Lake City Mayor’s Office did not respond to repeated City Weekly invitations to discuss the city’s involvement with the fusion center.

Whether or not the state comes up with $40 million to help build the three-story Emergency Operations Center structure shown in Salt Lake City plans, the fortress building is scheduled to house the Salt Lake Information Center, or SLIC, a new project that the Salt Lake City Police Department hopes to launch by mid-June in current police department headquarters on 200 South.

Salt Lake City Police Chief Chris Burbank describes SLIC as a project to connect law-enforcement records across the Salt Lake Valley with data-searching software at a central location where police analysts will funnel investigatory information to officers in the field.

Salt Lake City Emergency Management Director Cory Lyman describes the pending SLIC project as “basically Salt Lake’s portion of that [state] fusion center.”

Mission Creep/ Creepy Missions
Salt Lake finds itself in the pipeline for federal money for new spyware purchases and intelligence efforts because of federal funding formulas that in 2008 determined the Salt Lake Valley faces significant threat—from earthquakes.

Lyman says the potential for a large Wasatch Front quake to disrupt rail yards and interstate freeways was likely “the driving event that put us at risk” in the eyes of Homeland Security. So in 2008, the feds qualified the Salt Lake metropolitan area for special grants through a program called the Urban Area Security Initiative. Salt Lake City is the fiscal agent for the countywide effort, explaining why initiative requests showed up on the city’s stimulus wish list.

Last year, the countywide project received its first infusion of $1.4 million from Homeland Security. In early April, Salt Lake City applied for another $3 million. Much of the money will be spent on emergency planning with a portion of all grants going to the Utah Fusion Center.

Salt Lake Valley’s inclusion in a post-9/11 grant program initially limited to cities considered at high terror risk highlights a national shift in fusion centers away from terrorism to the “all-hazards” approach officially adopted by the Utah Fusion Center. During April’s congressional fusion center hearings, the national office of the ACLU echoed earlier critiques of congressional investigators and Homeland Security auditors by warning of “mission creep.” It said blending the War on Terror with crime fighting and private businesses—officially included at the Utah Fusion Center as “Private Sector Partners”—is a disaster of overzealous law enforcement waiting to happen.

Fusion centers are basically communications hubs that allow one-stop access to databases controlled by governments and private sector “data brokers.” The Utah Fusion Center buys its noncriminal data from ChoicePoint. As the world’s largest data-brokering company, its offerings include data on individuals’ insuranceclaim histories, credit information, realestate records, bankruptcies, professional licenses and historical addresses.

Keith Squires, Gov. Jon Huntsman Jr.’s adviser on homeland security, says the information accessed by fusion centers “is already out there”; all the fusion center does is make it easier to get at the information. Eventually, the Utah center plans on adding its own internal intelligence database. But Squires says the center is primarily an electronic “pointer system” that links to databases maintained by others. Fusion center critics allege that decentralization is designed to skirt federal rules against compiling dossiers on innocent Americans; the centers don’t keep files themselves but can access information any time with the touch of a keyboard.

Civil liberty groups also are bothered by the penchant of such programs for “data mining”—using information technology not to solve a particular crime but in attempts to find criminals no one knows about.

A software company associated with the old MATRIX promised its computer algorithms could search mass databases for common bad-guy profiles and find “yet unknown terrorists.” A demonstration turned up a few people already on government watch lists but also spit out the names of thousands of others presumably ripe for investigation.

The Utah Fusion Center may be after similar technology. In April, Salt Lake City submitted a Homeland Security grant on behalf of the center asking for $780,000 worth of “data gathering, mining, and analysis software to perform terrorist threat and crime analysis.”

Critics also question if state and local police are ready to be the Homeland Security Department’s eyes and ears on the ground. The ACLU pointed to efforts in some states worthy of The Simpsons’ Chief Wiggum.

Missouri’s fusion center in February 2009 suggested the “modern militia movement” could be discovered by investigating people sporting “Ron Paul for President” bumper stickers. The same month, the geniuses at the North Texas Fusion Center warned of a terrorist conspiracy combining Muslim civil-rights organizations, the anti-war movement, hip-hop bands and 2008 Green Party presidential candidate Cynthia McKinney supporters.

Now, a federal pilot project underway at several state fusion centers encourages local police to create “suspicious activity reports” and upload them to the fusion system. Guidelines ask police to document people taking pictures, appearing lost or espousing “extremist” views.

The Utah Fusion Center is not part of the pilot project but has launched the “Intelligence Liaison Officer Program” that will train local law enforcement throughout the state. Reporting to the Legislature’s interim Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice committee about the project in May 2008, Jeff Carr, the Utah Fusion Center’s supervisor at the Utah Department of Public Safety, noted that a similar program in Colorado already had nearly 200 officers “feeding information to the center.” The Colorado program uses utility workers and employees of private companies in addition to law enforcement.

Intelligence-led Policing
Intelligence-led policing is the new en vogue in law enforcement, and it counts Chief Burbank as a follower.

Salt Lake City’s police chief looks the part. He keeps his head shaved. He’s tall and athletic. But he has a ready smile and a friendly, even gentle demeanor. In fact, if local progressive activists were forced to choose a lawman to watch them, they might pick Burbank, a Rocky Anderson appointee recently honored by the ACLU of Utah for publicly defying Utah’s conservative Legislature and refusing to deputize his officers as immigrations agents.

On the other hand, the idea of Burbank videotaping public gatherings probably scares the members of the anti-immigrant Utah Minuteman Project to death.

Burbank nonchalantly dismisses the idea his intelligence efforts are aimed at the noncriminal activities of any city resident. “‘Intelligence’ takes on a negative connotation of the CIA or the old FBI ‘keeping book’ on everybody. That’s not what I’m talking about,” he says.

Burbank made his first mark on the SLCPD in January 2007 with creation of the SLCPD “fusion center”—a name the chief now says he regrets, given Homeland Security’s selection of the same name for its state-based intelligence program, which Burbank insists is different.

SLCPD’s fusion center, or fusion division, combines old-fashioned cop-on-the-beat policing with high technology, bringing a “community intelligence unit” under the same roof with the police department’s Homeland Security and joint terrorism task-force functions. In 2008, a SLCPD fusion-center project installed police surveillance cameras in some city businesses.

For Chief Burbank, information gathering is about problem-solving. Rather than treat crime as isolated incidents, careful record-keeping can spot trends enabling police to intervene in problem areas. The first job of the SLCPD fusion center was cleaning up a longtime drug house, Burbank says.

The chief says there is nothing different about the information collecting he envisions now than in the old days when he and other patrol officers would write observations on field cards. “You wrote down, ‘I saw this person; this is what they were doing. This is unusual. This is what they look like. This is where they live and this is their ID number.’ Then you put the card in the file.”

It’s just that today’s technology can quickly put such information to use. The half-million-dollar software program Burbank wants as the backbone for the Salt Lake Information Center could instantly search the text of all police reports filed in the Salt Lake Valley. Burbank hopes to receive a program through Homeland Security grant money newly available to the Salt Lake Valley.

Such systems are tools—good or bad depending on how they are used, Burbank says. “When we talk about intelligence, cameras or anything else, a tremendous amount of responsibility comes with that,” he says. “My real job is to be the one to ensure the policies are being followed and that they are appropriate for our community.”

The chief is adamant that his officers don’t spy on political groups and says they concentrate on community safety, not antiterror. Nothing gets reported or investigated unless there is an “immediate nexus to criminal behavior,” he says.

At the same time, once a report is in the SLCPD system, it doesn’t come out, Burbank says. One example he gave of suspicious but noncriminal behavior recently put into the system was a report on a group going from gas station to gas station filling large containers. Follow up showed the gas hogs were just trying to take advantage of a dip in prices. But in the meantime, the report had been loaded into the computer. So if the SLCPD links up with the Utah Fusion Center, will state data-mining computers flag the names of the gas hogs as potential terrorists?

Burbank says that while his SLIC project and the Utah Fusion Center are slated to share space and overhead at Salt Lake City’s planned new Emergency Operations Center, the two operations would not be merged. Still, the SLCPD is a member of the Utah Fusion Center’s governing board.

National fusion center guidelines suggest that state centers link up with data from local law enforcement and other local sources, including fish & game agencies, sports authorities, e-mail providers, public health offices, social service agencies, banks, malls, hospitals and preschools.

Squires, director of the Utah Department of Public Safety’s Homeland Security division, says he wants to connect the Utah Fusion Center with fusion centers in neighboring states. National plans call for eventually linking all the country’s fusion centers into a giant interconnected web.